Research Progress on Bioactive Ingredients of Phyllanthus emblica L.
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摘要: 余甘果（Phyllanthus emblica L.）最早记载于《太平御览》，历史悠久，常用作治疗胆道疾病、支气管炎、糖尿病等。现代研究表明，余甘果的生物活性成分有余甘多糖、单宁、酚酸、黄酮、木脂素等，具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、护肝、降血糖等功效。目前，对余甘果生物活性物质的研究大多集中在余甘多糖和余甘多酚方面，随着研究越来越深入，其提取技术也逐渐向绿色、经济、高效可循环的方向发展，使得余甘果的应用也越来越广。本文对余甘果生物活性成分的种类与组成、结构、提取技术和功效进行归纳与论述，为余甘果在食品和医药的研究和精深加工利用提供理论依据。Abstract: Phyllanthus emblica L. (PE) was first recorded in the "Taiping Imperial Library" and has a long history of use as a treatment for biliary tract diseases, bronchitis, and diabetes. Modern research has shown that the bioactive ingredient contained in PE include PE polysaccharides, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans and so on, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, liver protection and hypoglycemic effects. At present, most of the research on the bioactive ingredient of PE is focused on PE polysaccharides, and PE polyphenols, and as the research becomes more in-depth, the extraction technology is gradually developed in the direction of green, economic, efficient and recyclable, which makes the application of PE more and more extensive. The types and composition, structure, extraction techniques and efficacy of the bioactive ingredients of PE are summarized and discussed in this review to provide a theoretical evidence for future research and deep processing and utilization of PE in food industry and medicine.
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Key words:
- Phyllanthus emblica L. /
- bioactive ingredient /
- extraction technology /
- efficacy /
- research progress
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图 1 余甘多糖母核、β-D-半乳糖和β-L-鼠李糖的化学结构
Figure 1. The chemical structure of parent nucleus, β-D-galactopyranose and β-L-rhamnopyranose of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides
图 2 余甘果中没食子酸类化合物、鞣质类化合物及其他酚类化合物的母核结构
Figure 2. Structures of parent nucleus of gallic acids, tannins and other phenols in Phyllanthus emblica
图 3 余甘果中黄酮类化合物、黄烷醇类化合物及木脂素类化合物的母核结构
Figure 3. Structures of parent nucleus of flavonoids, flavanols and their derivatives and lignans in Phyllanthus emblica
表 3 余甘果中的黄酮及木脂素类化合物
Table 3. Flavonoids and lignans in Phyllanthus emblica
多酚组成（含量从高到低） 分析方法 多酚组分 比例/含量 参考文献 槲皮素、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖 高效液相色谱法、核磁共振波谱 Fr.3 1.25:1 [11-12] 杨梅素、柚皮素 Fr.4 1.67:1 表没食子茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素、没食子儿茶素、（-）-表儿茶素、（-）-表阿夫儿茶精 核磁共振波谱 Fr.4、Fr.5 7.76:2.24:1.76:1.41:1 [23] Vermixocins B、Vermixocins A、丁香脂素、鹅掌揪树脂酚A、Vermixocins D、杜仲树脂酚、异落叶松树酯醇 硅胶薄层色谱、核磁共振波谱 乙酸乙酯提取成分 1.5:1.5:1.5:1:1:1:1 [24] 芳基四氢萘型木脂素 核磁共振波谱（1H-NMR） Fr.4.4.2 0.282 mg/g [13] 
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表 4 余甘多糖提取技术
Table 4. Extraction technology of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides
生物活性物质 提取方法 提取工艺参数 得率 优点 缺点 参考文献 余甘多糖 水提醇沉法 料液比1:20、100 ℃浸提4 h，冷却过100目筛，反复浸提2次，滤液合并。3000 r/min离心10 min，加入5倍95%乙醇沉淀，离心、干燥、过筛。 1.18% 仪器设备容易获得，提取成本低，可直接离心去除杂质。 提取温度高，提取时间长，提取率低。 [6] 加入20倍去离子水、煮沸5 h，冷却、抽滤，滤渣加入15倍去离子水煮沸5 h，过滤，加入4倍体积95%乙醇沉淀，脱水、脱色，干燥。 1.69% 所需要的仪器设备要求较低且容易获得，提取成本低，以水为溶剂，提取后可直接或者离心去除杂质。 提取温度高，提取时间长，提取率低。 [31] 乙醇浸煮-
水提醇沉法100 ℃、95%乙醇浸煮1 h，反复3次。纱布过滤、干燥，加蒸馏水于100 ℃回流提取2 h，反复3次，溶液合并真空浓缩至1/3，加入3倍95%乙醇沉淀，烘干、冷冻。 7.43%±0.05% 在普通水提醇沉法的基础上，增加提取前的乙醇浸煮步骤，有效提高了多糖得率，所使用的仪器设备容易获得。 乙醇浸煮的反应条件需要100 ℃水浴，反应条件较剧烈，提取时间长，操作较为复杂。 [7] 超声辅助法 鲜果去核、粉碎、干燥过筛，料液比1:10加入石油醚，超声清洗器浸提30 min，反复2次，干燥20 h；加入250 mL蒸馏水超声浸提30 min，反复3次；加入3倍体积95%乙醇沉淀30 min，减压抽滤、真空干燥。 4.61% 大大缩短提取时间，提高有效成分的得率，提高了原料的利用率。该方法的超声辅助用于提取多糖，提取条件温和，操作简单。 需配备超声设备，对提取容器的选择有要求。 [32] 去核烘干粉碎过筛、加入30倍80%乙醇，超声功率250 W浸提，料液比1:30加去离子水于100 ℃水浴浸提90 min，抽滤、真空浓缩、80%乙醇于4 ℃冰箱浸提24 h，加入氯仿:正丁醇=1:4混合液，离心，二次醇沉、无水乙醇洗涤、真空干燥。 6.51% 大大缩短提取时间，提高有效成分的得率，提高了原料的利用率，超声波提取温度低。该方法的超声辅助用在提取前的除杂，易于分离杂质。 提取成本较高，需要配备超声波设备，对提取容器有体积要求，设备占地面积大。多糖提取条件仍然是在100 ℃水浴中加热浸提，没有简化操作。 [33]
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表 5 余甘果单宁及酚酸类化合物提取技术
Table 5. Extraction technology of tannins and phenolic acids in Phyllanthus emblica L.
生物活性物质 提取方法 提取工艺参数 得率 优点 缺点 参考文献 单宁及酚酸类 有机溶剂法 1:40、70%丙酮、提取温度40 ℃、提取时间30 min。 7.37% 反应条件较为温和，操作简便。 丙酮具有一定的毒性，不能直接用于动物、细胞实验等；同时操作过程中也有一定的危险性；溶剂使用量较大。 [37] 1:30、60%乙醇、提取温度85 ℃、提取时间1.5 h。 8.84% 操作简单，提取容器容易获得。 提取温度较高，多酚不稳定，容易导致物质的分解；提取时间较长。 [38] 超声辅助提取法 1:69、提取温度62 ℃、提取时间32 min、超声功率180 W。 13.94% 提取率高。 料液比较小，所需要的溶剂量较大。 [39] 微波辅助提取法 1:20、提取温度50 ℃、提取时间6 min、微波功率640 W、微波时间3 min。 54.66 mg/g 提取率较高、提取时间短、提取效率高。 无明显缺点。 [40]
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表 6 余甘果黄酮及木脂素类化合物提取技术
Table 6. Extraction technology of favonoids and lignans in Phyllanthus emblica L.
生物活性物质 提取方法 提取工艺参数 得率 优点 缺点 参考文献 黄酮及
木脂素类浸渍法 1:12、70%乙醇、提取时间24 h。 20.715% 冷水浸出，操作极简单。 提取时间很长；提取率相较于其他方法更低，提取效率低。 [41] 水浴热回流法 1:12、70%乙醇、提取温度80 ℃、
提取时间60 min。21.825% 操作简单。 提取时间长。 [41] 1:25、70%乙醇、提取温度40 ℃、
提取时间45 min。30.49 mg/g 使用的溶剂较为安全、操作简单，提取容器易于获得。 提取时间较长。 [42] 1:20、60%乙醇、提取温度60 ℃、
提取时间60 min。29.72 mg/g 使用的溶剂较为安全、操作简单，提取容器易于获得。 提取时间长。 [42] 复合酶法 1:80、pH为7、酶的种类为果胶酶：纤维素酶为1：1、酶用量8 mg/g、酶解时间70 min、酶解温度70 ℃。 1.997% 目标产物纯度较高。 提取时间长、提取成本较高。 [43] 超声辅助有机
溶剂法1:80、40%乙醇、提取温度70 ℃、提取时间50 min（超声20 min）、超声功率250 W。 4.27% 使用的溶剂较为安全、提取条件温和。 超声处理与加热提取分开操作，增加了提取工作量；提取时间长、提取率低。 [44] 1:73、75%乙醇、提取温度60 ℃、提取时间30 min、超声功率240 W。 10.55% 使用的溶剂较为安全、操作简单。 料液比过小，需耗费大量的提取溶剂。 [45] 1:25、60%乙醇、提取温度60 ℃、提取时间20 min、超声功率70 W。 14.57% 操作简单、使用的溶剂较为安全、提取时间较短。 无明显缺点。 [41] 1:16、70%乙醇、提取温度60 ℃、提取时间60 min、超声功率350 W。 25.881% 提取率高。 提取时间长。 [46]
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